A Revision of the Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant) Species Group of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae), Introducing Eight New Species

This study provides redescriptions of four medium-sized cicada species within the Y. abdominalis (Distant) species group, including Yoyetta aaede (Walker), Y. abdominalis, Y. denisoni (Distant) and Y. kershawi Goding & Froggatt stat. rev., comb. nov., from southeastern Australia. Eight new species of Yoyetta, belonging to this group are described, from eastern Australia. These are: Y. electrica sp. nov., Y. grandis sp. nov., Y. regalis sp. nov., Y. serrata sp. nov., Y. spectabilis sp. nov., Y. subalpina sp. nov., Y. timothyi sp. nov., and Y. verrens sp. nov. Sections describing morphological distinguishing features, distribution, habitat and behaviour, and calling songs (where available) are provided for each species with illustrations throughout. Additional locational records for Y. hunterorum (Moulds) are presented and its song described.


Introduction
Cicadas are conspicuous insects of the Australian summer. Of all cicada tribes recognized in Australia, Cicadettini is by far the most diverse, comprising the majority of smaller, thin-bodied species . The genus Yoyetta Moulds was erected to accommodate nine Australian species, previously allocated to the genus Cicadetta Kolenati. Emery et al. (2015) synonymized one of the species and added an additional four. However, examination of available material in entomological collections has revealed this genus to be highly diverse and it may ultimately contain more than 50 cicada species. Emery et al. (2015) also reported three informal species groups within the Yoyetta genus. The Yoyetta abdominalis species group is readily identified with hind wing plaga almost entirely white and opaque, and abdominal tergites 2-7 mainly black or dark brown. The Yoyetta incepta species group present with hind wing plaga opaque and cream to pale orange-brown along the majority of the jugal fold and outer margin, and abdominal tergites mainly black, while in the Yoyetta tristrigata species group, the hind wing plaga is opaque and cream to light brown or orange-brown along majority of jugal fold and outer margin, and abdominal tergites 2-7 are mainly orange to yellow-brown. This study focuses on the Yoyetta abdominalis species group.
Following Emery et al. (2015), the Yoyetta abdominalis species group contains four described species, Yoyetta aaede (Walker), Y. abdominalis (Distant), Y. denisoni (Distant) and Y. hunterorum (Moulds); all are small-to medium-sized cicadas. Yoyetta aaede was described (as Cicada aaede) from a single female specimen from Adelaide, South Australia (Walker, 1850). A small number of additional specimens has been found among older accession material Genitalia preparation. Male genitalia were removed using a pair of surgical scissors and placed in a solution of 10% potassium hydroxide. The solution was either boiled for one hour or left overnight at room temperature to clear the soft tissues and provide a clean dissection. Following clearing, the specimens were washed with ethanol and placed into a solution of either 70% ethanol or glycerol. To facilitate close examination of internal structures, the aedeagus was dissected for each genitalia preparation under 10× magnification.
Imaging. Photographs were taken using an Olympus stereo dissecting microscope mounted with an SC100 camera. Individual or photostacked images were processed with Cells-sens™ and Adobe Photoshop software.
Calling song analysis. The description of calling songs follows Ewart & Marques (2008). A "pulse" was defined as a single whole movement of the timbals. The term "syllable" was used for the smallest grouping of pulses (typically 5-10 ms duration). When multiple syllables occur in succession, without coalescence (i.e. where the syllables are separated by short periods of silence), this was termed a "syllable sequence". Where 2-9 syllables coalesce, this was referred to as a "macrosyllable". Longer durations of continuous sound (≥10 syllables) were referred to as an "echeme". For a repeated unit, comprising more than one of the above terms, the term "phrase" was adopted. Periods of silence between pulses, syllables, macrosyllables, echemes and/or phrases are termed "gaps". Bouts of calling that are dominated by repeated macrosyllables or echemes were treated broadly as "chirping songs". Where distinctly different sections of song, containing repeated combinations of pulses, syllables, macrosyllables, echemes and/or phrases are apparent and occupy several seconds duration, each section is referred to as a song "mode".
Field recordings have been used, but if such recordings were not available, we examined recordings taken in captivity of a container or fabric cage. The former captivity recordings have a greater tendency to show distortion of the finer pulse structures of the songs and amplitude spectra due to reverberation. To address this problem, all recordings were carefully examined prior to analysis to select the cleanest and most natural representations for comparative purposes. A preference was generally given to recordings obtained as close as possible to the type locality. All recordings were taken from a distance of at least 20cm from the calling insect to reduce the chances of near-field effects. None of the recordings displayed signs of amplitude clipping due to microphone overload.
The recording systems (RS) used can be detailed as follows: RS1 Sony MZR700 minidisc recorder with Sony ECM-MS957 Electret Condenser microphone (frequency response up to 18 kHz), with recordings taken in the field (unless otherwise noted) by LWP. RS2 Tascam DR-07 digital recorder with an Audio-Technica ATR-55 cardioid condenser shotgun microphone (frequency response up to 18 kHz), with recordings taken in the field by LWP. RS3 Tascam DR-40 digital recorder with a Sennheiser ME66 shotgun microphone and K6 power source, with recordings taken in the field by LWP.   Genus Yoyetta  Diagnosis. Diagnosis follows  with modifications of Emery et al. (2015).
Of the species with known calling songs, the call of Y. denisoni is closest to Y. timothyi sp. nov. and Y. electrica sp. nov., which each also produce calls in flight, though at a slower rate and faster rate, respectively. Further differences are given under the calling song descriptions of those species.

Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/nomenclaturalActs/27125014-D68E-45B0-93FC-E81CC5895177 Figs 2A, 3A, 7-9, 10B, 11-12, 52A, 53B Cicadetta denisoni. -Ewart, 1986: 51-52,  Distribution, habitat and seasonality. Known from Kroombit Tops in southeastern Queensland, south along the ranges and subcoastal forested areas to the south coast of New South Wales and inland to the Australian Capital Territory (Fig. 5). An isolated population occurs at Mt Kaputar on the northwestern slopes of New South Wales ( Fig. 5). This record was previously attributed to Y. denisoni by . Adults are active in the upper canopy of eucalypt forest. They are present from November to January and occasionally also in February.

Description
Male ( Legs with coxae striped black and light brown, coxal membranes red-orange; coxal joints bright orange-red, trochanters orange-brown; meracantha small brown, slight curved, pointed, black at base, minimally overlapping opercula; femora striped black and brown with reddish stripe laterally; fore femoral spines erect, brown at base becoming darker towards tip; joints orange to red; tibiae black anteriorly, brown to yellowish posteriorly medially, with spines variably pale to dark brown; tarsal joints orange; tarsi light brown, becoming darker brown towards claws; claws brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins brown to black, centrally reddish, pterostigma with reddish-brown mottling distally; basal membranes orange, dull orange or pale orange-white; basal cell translucent; other veins mainly dark brown to black proximally, black distally; with eight apical cells; hind wing plaga white, extending over jugum along vein 3A and medial third of anal cell 2, remainder of anal lobe diffuse white, veins brown, with six apical cells.
Timbals ( Fig. 2A) with five distinct long ribs, long ribs 1-3 each spanning across timbal membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur, long rib 4 unfused medially, narrowing over third quarter; long rib 5 noticeably shorter than other long ribs; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit oval-shaped and conspicuous.
Abdomen. Tergites 1-8 black, with faint brownish markings on posterior borders of the central third of tergites 2-8. Sternite II black, ochraceous around posterior margin of tympanal cavity; sternite III black with orange-brown anterior margin and over lateral third on brown specimens; sternite IV black with orange-brown anterior margin widening to completely cover lateral third, small central ochraceous marking; sternites V-VII black with small pale brown markings near epipleurites; sternite VIII black on anterior margin, orange-brown over remainder, with yellowish pubescence.
Genitalia (Fig. 9, 10B). Pygofer mainly black dorsally, becoming pale brown laterally; dorsal beak black, brown at tip, upper lobe prominent, rounded, pale brown at tip, basal lobe dark brown to black; anal styles orange. Uncus brown, in lateral view beak-like, rounded distally; lobes in ventral view less produced, rounded laterally; claspers divided, with apices gradually tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending around half the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally at 180° towards apex, with prominent translucent flange along outer margin of recurvature, this smooth dorsally, thickness around diameter of theca; apex opaque, sclerotized, bifurcate, with prominent arms, each arm directed laterally at approximately 180°, with 2 rows of prominent cornuti (Fig. 10B).
Female (Figs 7C,D,F;8C,D). Head and thorax similar to male, with coloration of brown areas ranging from greenbrown to orange-brown.
Colour forms. It has come to the attention of the authors that Y. timothyi sp. nov. occurs in two broadly defined colour forms: brown and black. The brown form (as per the holotype) is characterized by the predominantly brown colour of the head and thorax (Fig. 7). In this form the fore wing basal membranes are orange to dull orange. It occurs in southern Queensland and in lower altitude areas of New South Wales (mainly below 600 m). In contrast, the black colour form is characterized by the predominantly black colour of the head and thorax (  Calling song (Figs 11,12,53B). For the casual observer, Y. timothyi sp. nov. is generally heard calling in flight, with a distinct, simple and regular "zop zop zop zop" call. Like Y. denisoni (but with a slower emission rate), this predominant call mode is a chirping song. Further observations reveal that there is more to the calling song of this species, with up to three song modes being produced. The first song mode (produced mainly in flight), is referred to as the "zop zop" mode (illustrated in Figs 11A,E,F; 12). The zop zop mode consists of a single echeme spanning 0.13-0.25 s duration, followed by a gap of 0.17 and 0.33 s duration (n = 9; Fig. 11E). This is typically repeated several times. Close inspection of the echeme reveals that the initial syllables are discrete (Fig. 11F). As the echeme progresses, the syllables coalesce and the sound is amplified sharply before ceasing abruptly (Fig. 11F). This zop zop mode is sometimes also heard in stationary males, particularly just before they take flight and continues in flight. The second and third song modes have only been recorded from one individual at Glen Elgin, although they have been detected aurally at many other locations across the geographical distribution of the species. These modes are produced only by males when stationary or crawling, or flowing attraction to vegetation by "finger-snapping". The second mode is referred to as a "zop it" (Figs 11A-D). From a single recording, the zop it mode is characterized by repeated phrases, each containing a long macrosyllable (0.06-0.09 s duration), a gap (0.06-0.08 s duration) and a syllable (c. 0.01 s duration) (Figs 11B & 11C). Close inspection of the long macrosyllable reveals that it comprises up to eight coalesced syllables, the second and third last two being noticeably higher in amplitude than the preceding ones (Fig. 11D). A gap between 0.10 and 0.15 s duration separates each phrase.
The third song mode ("fluttering") is produced by stationary or crawling males between short bouts of the "zop zop" mode. The fluttering mode is composed of a rapidlyemitted series of syllables around 0.01 s duration separated by a gap ranging from 0.04-0.06 s duration (Figs 11A,11G). From the single recording of a male at Glen Elgin, the fluttering mode contains around 16 syllables.
Along sandstone ridges in the Blue Mountains and Southern Highlands of NSW, flying males were observed meandering through the vegetation, including lower storey shrubs while producing the "zop zop" mode. It was found that these males could be attracted into close proximity by finger or tongue clicking broadly timed to mimic female wing-flick responses. Once landed, their song was found to alternate between the "zop zop" and fluttering song modes and, unless further attracted or caught, they would fly off within 10-15 seconds.
The highest amplitude frequency plateau for this species spans 4.7-7.0 kHz, with a dominant frequency from 5.4-6.6 kHz (Fig. 11H).
The calling song of Y. timothyi sp. nov. is distinctive within the genus and is most similar to the call of Y. denisoni. The principal difference is in the emission rate, with Y. timothyi sp. nov. emitting echemes in the zop zop mode at a rate of 2-3 per second compared with 5-6 shorter (macro)syllables per seconds for Y. denisoni. In bushland around Canberra, both species can be heard calling in flight, sometimes concurrently. (Goding & Froggatt, 1904) stat. rev., comb. nov.

Figs 2H, 3L, 10C, 13, 14
Melampsalta kershawi Goding & Froggatt, 1904: 636;Distant, 1906: 176. Synonym of Melampsalta denisoni Ashton, 1912: 25;Burns, 1957: 650;Moulds and Cowan, 2002: 26. The holotype of Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. is a female from Marysville in Victoria. Males from the vicinity of type locality and elsewhere in Victoria consistently have a markedly different shaped aedeagus from the holotype of Y. denisoni (see Fig. 10), as well as other specimens matching Y. denisoni from New South Wales (e.g., Fig. 9). Males with an aedeagus shape characteristic of Y. denisoni have not been found in Victoria. On the basis of this morphological difference, we hereby raise Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. from synonymy. Legs with coxae black; coxal joints bright red; meracantha small creamy, pointed, black at base, partly overlapping opercula; trochanters red; meron reddish; fore femora striped black and red; mid and hind femora with lateral and anterior surfaces black, inner side ochraceous to dark brown; femoral joints orange to pale yellow; tibiae black to dark brown laterally becoming ochraceous medially and towards base, with fore tibial spines black, mid and hind tibial spines variably pale brown and black at tips; tarsal joints orange;   red, in lateral view beak-like and stumpy; lobes in ventral view less produced, rounded laterally; claspers divided, closely applied, with apices gradually tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending around half the length of theca; theca gradually recurved ventrally at 180° towards apex, with translucent flanges along outer margin of recurvature, these smooth dorsally, > 2× diameter of theca, tapering towards apex of theca; apex transparent, sclerotized, knob-like, sometimes weakly bifurcate (Fig. 10C), with multiple small cornuti on ventral border.
Female ( Fig. 13D-F). Head and thorax similar to male, generally with blacker coloration. Colour morphology ranges from brown to black (Figs 13D-E).
Colour forms. Yoyetta kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. occurs in two broad colour forms: brown and black. The brown form (as per the "type" female and Fig. 13D) is characterized by a mixture of brown and black colouration on the thorax and brown along the costal veins ( Fig. 13A,B,E,F). The black strongly predominates, particularly in male specimens.
Head not quite as wide as mesonotum, conspicuous golden pubescence; mainly black on island specimens, with a small, triangular brown fascia posterior to ocelli, reducing anteriorly, small to large ochraceous spot on posterior margin between ocelli and eye. Head colour ranges from mainly black to predominantly pale brown-ochraceous, black surrounding ocelli; ocelli pink to orange-yellow; postclypeus dorsally dark brown to black with yellowish triangular median fascia, apex directed anteriorly, ventral surface black with black transverse grooves, midline ochraceous anteriorly in some specimens, lateral and posterior borders ochraceous; anteclypeus dark brown on island specimens, on mainland cicadas ochraceous with a central black line or small black spot on posterior segment; rostrum black at base, dark brown centrally, black at apex, reaching anterior edge of hind coxae; lora dull black to ochraceous; eyes variably dull black to dark brown; antennae black; supra-antennal plates black, with central brown spot on anterior margin extending laterally above pedicel.
Thorax predominantly dull black with conspicuous golden pubescence. Pronotum black with distinct ochraceous marking over central third of midline, expanding laterally on some mainland cicadas posterior to fissures, covering central half of pronotal collar, central black spot on posterior margin of pronotum; pronotal collar black in island specimens, anterior margin black, dark brown to black posteriorly on mainland specimens. Mesonotum black in island cicadas; cruciform elevation black, lateral depressions yellow; submedian and lateral sigilla black to pale brown on mainland specimens, remainder of mesonotum ochraceous, some blackening posteriorly around midline; scutal depressions black, cruciform elevation black to ochraceous. Metanotum black on island cicadas, posterior margin ochraceous around timbal cavity; metanotum ochraceous on mainland cicadas, with pinkish anterior margin centrally, blackening towards lateral margins, pink posterior border around timbals.
Legs. Coxae mainly ochraceous, with lateral black markings ranging from proximal spot to a longitudinal stripe, membranes red; trochanter black, striped ochraceous on mainland specimens; meracantha small, narrow, white, black at base, pointed, overlapping one-third of opercula; fore femora with outer side red, variable longitudinal black stripes, inner side variably black-ochraceous, ochraceous to black at joints; femoral spines erect, black at base tending brown at tips; fore tibiae black in Tasmanian specimens, mainly ochraceous on mainland cicadas; mid and hind tibiae striped black and ochraceous on Tasmanian specimens, paler on mainland cicadas; Fore tarsi dark brown to claws, mid tarsi light brown with black at claws, hind tarsi ochraceous to claws, claws brown, black at tips, mainland species with tarsi pale, brown towards claws, claws brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins orange-brown proximally, becoming red distally; pterostigma mottled red; basal cell transparent with a black anterior border; basal membranes pale orange, orange or pink; vein CuP +1A whitish over proximal half, pale brown distally; other veins dark brown to black; with eight apical cells. Hind wing plagas white over entire anal cell 3 and thin along vein 2A, some orange stippling on proximal third; with six apical cells.
Timbals ( Fig. 2G) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1-4 extending across surrounding membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur; long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit ovalshaped and conspicuous.
Abdomen with tergite 1 black in island specimens, with faint orange margins over timbal cavity; tergite 1 ochraceous to black on mainland cicadas, pink anterior margin extending across timbal cavity, with black marking over lateral region of timbal; tergite 2-3 on all specimens ochraceous centrally with reddish-orange intersegmental membrane, several small black spots in a transverse arc across middle, variably black over lateral region; tergites 4-7 black with posterior margins ochraceous, an increasing area of lateral orange coloration posteriorly forming a triangular shape with base at tergite 7; extending to lateral border and epipleurite 7, several black spots in orange areas on some specimens; tergite 8 shiny black anteriorly and variably over central midline, orangered laterally over posterior region. Epipleurites 3-6 with black medial markings, orange posteriorly; epipleurites 3-5 ochraceous on lateral extremities. Sternite II mainly black, reddish margins around timbals; sternite III black, posterior margin ochraceous; sternites IV-VI mainly orange, black midline markings over anterior two-thirds of each sternite, decreasing posteriorly; sternite VI orange with red posterior margin; sternite VIII fiery red, with golden pubescence.
Genitalia (Fig. 16). Pygofer black dorsally, reddish posteriorly, becoming brown laterally; dorsal beak brown, anal styles bright red; upper lobe mainly black, red at tip; basal lobe dark ochraceous to black. Uncus orange-brown; in lateral view beak-like and rounded ventrally; lobes in ventral view bulbous, with rounded lateral termination, completely surrounding posterior aspect of claspers; claspers dark brown, clearly divided, with apices gradually tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending more than half-way to the flexure of the theca; theca recurved ventrally at 180° towards apex, with transparent flanges along dorsal margin of recurvature, these mainly smooth and broadening to > 3× width of theca ventrally, without dorsal ornamentation; apex short, sclerotized, transparent, stumpy, with prominent cornuti over lateral and ventral surface, "scoop-shaped" ventrally.
Female (Fig. 15E-H). Head and thorax similar to male, with distinctive morphological patterns consistent on island and mainland specimens.
Abdomen markings on tergites and sternites, respectively, similar to island and mainland males, sternites becoming more orange or red posteriorly; abdominal segment 9 black above with orange longitudinal stripes either side of midline, curving anteriorly and becoming orange to red laterally and ventrally, dorsal beak black. Ovipositor brown, tending darker towards apex, not extending beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles bright red; ovipositor sheath brown to black.
Timbals (Fig. 2C) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1-3 extending across surrounding membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur; long rib 4 unfused to basal spur; long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; prominent intercalary rib between long ribs 3 and 4; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit oval-shaped and conspicuous.
Abdomen with tergite 1 black with brown-ochraceous border around timbal cavity; tergite 2 black; tergites 3-7 black with orange posterior margins, extending laterally to epipleurites, increasing anteriorly on tergites 6-7 on either side of midline; tergite 8 shiny black, with variable brown lateral markings. Epipleurites with medial black strip, orange over reminder. Sternite II mainly black, central ochraceous spot; sternite III black medially, orange-red over central third posterior to timbal cavity, black laterally; sternites IV-VI orange, posterior halves becoming progressively reddish, black midline markings over anterior two-thirds of each sternite, decreasing posteriorly; sternite VIII orange brown, faint black longitudinal markings either side of midline, with brownish pubescence (Fig. 52C).
Genitalia (Fig. 20). Pygofer black, posterior border below dorsal beak and around upper lobe variably brownochraceous; dorsal beak black, anal styles pale brown; upper lobe mainly black, variably pale brown on posterior borders; basal lobe black. Uncus brownish; in lateral view beak-like; lobes in ventral view bulbous, with tapering lateral termination; claspers clearly divided, short, with apices gradually tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending around two-thirds the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally at 120° towards apex, with a transparent flange along the outer margin of recurvature, this broadly smooth, similar width to theca, terminating before apex; apex short, knob-like, with distinct cornuti around base.
Female (Fig. 19C-F). Head colour on dark specimens similar to male (Fig. 19C), orange-brown on lighter specimens with black marking around ocelli and supra-antennal plate, black spot at medial border of eye.
Etymology. From the Latin "regalis", meaning royal or kingly, reflecting the stately coloration and song of this species as well as its abundance in the Royal National Park, south of Sydney. Calling song (Fig. 21, 53L). Males of Y. regalis sp. nov. produce a distinct, rapidly emitted, calling song with correspondingly rapid and regular amplitude modulations (Fig. 21). Each separate phrase appears to comprise a single echeme, with the most conspicuous amplitude inflections occurring at the beginning and end of each echeme (Fig. 21A). Smaller amplitude modulations occur in the intervening duration between these inflections. This gives the song a "swirling" quality. Closer inspection of the echeme reveals that it is composed of well-defined syllables (Figs 20B, 21C), some of which are organized into a series of closely-spaced macrosyllables immediately prior to each minor amplitude modulation (Fig. 21B). The amplitude inflections at the beginning and end of each echeme have a denser (less defined) syllable structure (Fig.  21D). Recordings of individuals around Sydney Basin (n = 10) illustrate significant variation in the length of the single echeme phrases. Phrases at the start of a bout of calling song range from c. 5-12 s duration. Phrases for the remainder of the song are slower (between c. 13.5 s duration). When males are actively calling, a gap of 0.08-1.8 s duration typically separates each series of phrases. In some instances, these single echeme phrases are preceded (or succeeded) by intervening short chirps (short echemes or long macrosyllables, 0.06-0.08 s duration, separated by gaps of c. 1-5 s), which may serve to elicit a response from a nearby female (not illustrated). These short chirps are produced with increasing frequency immediately before taking flight. It has been noted that males in Royal National Park accelerate the emission rate of their song immediately before taking flight, and tick in flight. The highest frequency plateau ranges from 8.2-15.4 kHz, with a dominant frequency of 10.3-13.3 kHz (Fig. 21E).
The rapid amplitude modulations render the song of Y. regalis sp. nov. distinct among its relatives. One other species, Y. spectabilis sp. nov. produces similar modulations; however modulations occur at a much slower rate than in Y. regalis sp. nov. Distribution, habitat and seasonality. Highland locations from Barrington Tops south to the Southern Highlands of New South Wales. Specimens have been found in coastal locations from northern Sydney, south to eastern Victoria, close the Melbourne (Fig. 18). Adults occur mainly on small heath shrubs and sometimes on eucalypts. Males constantly  move between singing stations that are usually < 3 m high. Females are located close to ground level. Since their song is somewhat similar to that of Y. regalis sp. nov., the location of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. on the heathland shrubs contrasts with the distinct preference of the former species for smooth-barked eucalypts when the two species cohabit open woodland. This species can be encountered from late November to January.

Description
Male (Figs 2D, 3D, 22A,B,F, 52D). Head almost as wide as mesonotum, black in mountain specimens, with a small, triangular brown fascia posterior to ocelli, reducing anteriorly, and a small to large ochraceous spot on posterior margin between ocelli and eye; covered with black pubescence. In coastal specimens, including the holotype, pale brown to ochraceous posteriorly, extending halfway around eye, black surrounding ocelli, black spot medial to eye; ocelli pink; postclypeus dorsally dark brown to black with yellowish triangular median fascia, apex directed anteriorly, ventral surface black with black transverse grooves, midline with ochraceous line over anterior half in some specimens, lateral and posterior borders ochraceous, tending reddish; anteclypeus black, rostrum black at base, dark brown centrally, black at apex, reaching anterior edge of hind coxae; lora ochraceous anteriorly, variably black on medial and posterior sections; eyes variably dull black to dark brown; antennae black, supraantennal plates black, coastal specimens with central brown spot on anterior margin extending laterally above pedicel.
Thorax predominantly dull black on mountain specimens, brown on coastal cicadas. Pronotum black with distinct ochraceous marking over central third of midline, variably bordered by black, fissures variably black, tending brown on raised areas; pronotal collar brown centrally, variably tending black laterally, lateral angles black, paranota black on posterior and lateral margins, becoming brown elsewhere. Mesonotum black on mountain cicadas, coastal specimens brown with sigilla, scutal depressions and surrounds black; cruciform elevation arms black, lateral depressions brown. Metanotum black.
Legs. Coxae mainly black and ochraceous, fore coxae with anterior black markings ranging from proximal spot to a longitudinal stripe, mid and hind coxae black, variably ochraceous laterally, membranes red; meracantha small, narrow, reddish, black at base, pointed, overlapping onequarter of opercula; trochanters red with black medial stripe; femora red laterally, black medially; femoral spines erect, reddish to black at base tending dark brown at tips; fore tibia black, tending brown distally, browner on coastal specimens; mid tibiae ochraceous with proximal black stripe, hind tibiae pale brown with variable, small black marking on medial aspect of proximal segment; tarsi on coastal specimens reddish tending black at distal joints, fore tarsi brown on mountain specimens becoming black towards claws, mid tarsi light red with black at claws, hind tarsi red with brown at claws; claws dark brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins orange-red, proximal margin black posteriorly; pterostigma mottled red; basal cell hyaline with black anterior border; basal membranes bright orange-red, other veins dark brown to black, with eight apical cells; hind wing plagas white over entire anal cell 3 and thin along vein 2A, some reddish stippling at base, with six apical cells.
Opercula (Fig. 3D) small, spatulate, following body axis ventrolaterally, depressed centrally, variably black at base, orange-red across remainder, clearly separated. Timbals (Fig. 2D) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1-3 extending across surrounding membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur; long rib 4 discontinuous at proximal third; long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit oval-shaped and conspicuous.
Abdomen. Tergite 1 black with red lateral membranes; tergites 2-3 black with diffuse dark brown shading on some coastal specimens, intersegmental membranes orange; tergites 4-7 black with thin orange posterior margins, an increasing area of lateral orange coloration posteriorly forming a triangular shape with base on tergite 7, extending to lateral border and to epipleurite 7; tergite 8 shiny black, with orange-red posteriorly and extending laterally in some specimens. Epipleurites with variable black medial markings, fiery red laterally and posteriorly. Sternite II mainly black; sternite III black centrally, orange-red laterally; sternites IV-VI orange, posterior halves becoming red, black midline markings over anterior two-thirds of each sternite, decreasing posteriorly, sternite VIII fiery red, with yellowish pubescence (Fig. 51D).
Genitalia (Fig. 23). Pygofer black, dorsal beak black, anal styles bright red; upper lobe black; basal lobe black. Uncus reddish-brown, orange-brown laterally; in lateral view beak-like; lobes in ventral view narrow, with rounded lateral termination; claspers clearly divided, short, with apices tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending around three-quarters the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally around 180° towards apex, with transparent flange along dorsal margin of distal half of recurvature, broadly smooth, equal to width of theca; apex short, knob-like, with 6-8 prominent cornuti.
Female (Fig. 22C-E). Head and thorax similar to male, and with patterns of black and brown markings within the range described for coastal and mountain male specimens.
Abdomen similar to coastal and mountain male specimens for the range of markings on tergites and sternites; sternites III-VII becoming more orange-red posteriorly, with midline black marking also reducing progressively from sternite III to sternite VII; abdominal segment 9 black dorsally with orange longitudinal stripes either side of midline, curving anteriorly and becoming orange to red laterally and ventrally; dorsal beak black. Ovipositor brown, black at tip, not extending beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles bright red; ovipositor sheath dark brown to black.
Etymology. "Spectabilis" (Latin) depicts the impressive coloration and markings that range from orange-red to enamel black in this species.
nov., Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov., Y. regalis sp. nov., Y. grandis sp. nov., Y. subalpina sp. nov., Y. grandis sp. nov. and Y. verrens sp. nov. by the following combination of characters: (1) smaller size with body length < 23 mm, (2) presence of symmetrical, orange triangular patterns on tergites 4-7, and (3) ovipositor sheaths of females not extending beyond the apex of abdominal segment 9. It differs from Y. hunterorum, which has the opercula and sternite 8 dull brown, the female abdominal segment 9 without red markings and the female ovipositor sheath extending > 1.5 mm beyond the apex of the abdomen. The orange triangular patterning on the tergites of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. is distinct from the annular banding on Y. electrica sp. nov. which is also smaller (BL < 18 mm).
Specimens of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. can be difficult to distinguish from Y. serrata sp. nov. and some specimens of Y. abdominalis, which have a similar range of shapes, sizes and markings. While the calling songs are quite distinctive, Y. spectabilis sp. nov. can also be distinguished from Y. abdominalis and Y. serrata sp. nov. by the following combination of characters: (1) lack of longitudinal central fascia on the pronotum in male specimens; (2), the colouration of the male opercula, which is predominantly red (cf. dull reddish-brown in Y. serrata sp. nov. and black to pale brown in Y. abdominalis); (3), the forewing costa and basal membrane is bright orange-red; (4) epipleurites boldly red and black.
Calling song (Figs 24, 25, 53K). The male calling song of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. consists of a series of "whirling" amplitude modulations and produced at rest. Close examination reveals that these are organized into long echemes. The calling song commences with an introductory echeme with rapidly-emitted and regular amplitude modulations ("round whirling"; Fig. 24A-C). Towards the end of the echeme, the rate of modulation decreases, with each modulation commencing abruptly and fading ("abrupt whirling"; Fig. 24A,D,E). Each echeme ends with a sharp terminal modulation equivalent to a macrosyllable (Fig.  24F). The first echeme is the longest, lasting about 5-8 s. The second echeme sometimes has the same form, though with a shorter round whirling section. The typical echemes following these introductory echeme(s) are simplified, losing the round whirling altogether and only exhibiting the abrupt whirling and sharp terminal modulation. A comparison between the typical echemes recorded at multiple sites in provided in Fig. 24. These typical echemes are around 2 s duration.
The highest frequency plateau for the 513 calling song ranges between 8.9-13.0 kHz, with a dominant frequency between 9.5-12.1 kHz (Fig. 24).
Within the genus Yoyetta, the calling song of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. most closely resembles that of Y. regalis sp. nov. The song of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. differs most noticeably in the slower modulation rate and the presence of both round whirling and abrupt whirling types of amplitude modulation (cf. one type of rapidly emitted amplitude modulation in Y. regalis sp. nov.). Yoyetta spectabilis sp. nov. also does not produce intervening short chirps between bouts of echemes, which is a feature of the song of Y. regalis sp. nov.  , 26.xii.1978, D. C. F. Rentz, ANIC Database no. 20 010822;1♀, Snowy River, Mt Kosciusko, 4000FT, 12.xii.1931, L. F. Graham, ANIC Database No. 20 010821;1♂, Old Adaminaby NSW, 24.i.1967, T. G. Campbell, ANIC Database no. 20 010820;2♀♀, NSW Snowy Plains, 19.ii.1969  (v) Blackheath (33°35'S 150°50'E). Specimens were recorded in the field by LWP using RS1 (i,ii,iii,v) or RS2 (iv). Distribution, habitat and seasonality. Cool temperate alpine areas from Kanangra-Boyd National Park in central New South Wales south to the Upper Yarra region in central Victoria, with an isolated population in the Otway Ranges (Fig. 26). Adults occur mainly on smooth-barked eucalypts on the main trunks and upper branches. They can be encountered from December to February.

Description
Male (Figs 2E, 3E, 27A-B, 27F, 51G, 52E). Head as wide as mesonotum, black, with an ochraceous diamond-shaped marking on midline, posterior to ocelli; ocelli pink to pale; dorsal postclypeus black with central ochraceous triangular marking, apex directed anteriorly; ventral postclypeus black with anterior brown marking on midline, and ochraceous, lateral and posterior margins; anteclypeus black, rostrum brown at base, becoming black at apex, reaching the middle of hind coxae; lora black with ochraceous anterior margin, gena black; eyes dull black; antennae black, supra-antennal plates black, ochraceous around base of pedicel.
Thorax predominantly black. Pronotum black, some specimens with brown in fissures; pronotal collar black, posterior margin ochraceous in some specimens, margins of lateral angles light brown, paranota black, anterior angles ochraceous in some specimens. Mesonotum black; cruciform elevation arms black, lateral depressions tinged brown. Metanotum black.
Legs. Coxae mainly black, fore coxae black with proximal ochraceous triangular stripe on posterior surface; mid and hind coxae black; coxal joint and membranes red, basisterna black; trochanters black with central segment orange-red; meracantha small, narrow, orange, black at base, pointed, minimally overlapping opercula; fore femora striped longitudinally orange-red and black, black along base of femoral spines femoral spines erect, black at base tending dark brown at tips; mid and hind femora black, orange-brown longitudinal stripe on medial aspect, distal femoral joint orange-red; fore tibiae black, brown at distal tip; mid tibiae black, with medial ochraceous stripe; hind tibiae black proximally ochraceous over distal half; fore tarsi black with brown distal margins; mid and hind tarsi blackish-brown becoming black towards claws; claws dark brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins black, browner central rib, becoming ochraceous distally; pterostigma mottled red; basal cell translucent with black anterior border; basal membranes bright orange; other venation dark brown to black; with eight apical cells; hind wing plagas white over entire anal cell 3 and medial third of ac2(v), thin along vein 2A, an irregular grey-black marking at proximal end of jugum, reddish stippling at base of ac2(v), veins 2A and 3A pale, remainder dark brown to black, with six apical cells.
Abdomen. Tergite 1 black, with orange-red membranes around timbal cavity; tergite 2 black; tergites 3-7 black with orange posterior margins, extending laterally to epipleurites, increasing on tergites 6-7 on either side of midline; tergite 8 shiny black, with ventral margins orange. Epipleurites with medial black strip, orange over reminder. Sternite II mainly black, with central orange spot; sternite III black medially, becoming orange laterally along posterior margin; sternites IV-VI orange, posterior halves becoming progressively reddish, diffuse black midline markings over anterior twothirds of each sternite, decreasing posteriorly, sternite VIII dull orange-red, with black pubescence. Genitalia (Fig. 28). Pygofer black, upper lobe mainly black, apex brown, basal lobe black; dorsal beak black, dark brown posterior margin, anal styles orange-red. Uncus reddishbrown; in lateral view beak-like and elongated; lobes in ventral view narrow, with rounded lateral termination; claspers clearly divided, short, bulbous, with apices tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres almost extending as far as theca; theca recurved ventrally at around 180° towards apex, with prominent transparent flange along distal margin of recurvature, smooth and broadening to > 3× width of theca; remainder of theca is short, with < 20% of theca extending apically beyond margin of recurvature; apex blunt, with 2-3 cornuti on ventral surface and several small cornuti on dorsal side at tip. Female (Fig. 27C-E). Head, thorax and abdomen of dark specimens similar to male. Paler, brown-coloured females apparently occur at a ratio of approximately 1:2.
Head in dark specimens, similar to male; in paler specimens mainly brown with black markings around ocelli extending to the supra-antennal plate, brown at anterior margin, black spot at medial border of eye; dorsal postclypeus ochraceous centrally, dark brown laterally; ventral postclypeus black with central ochraceous spot anteriorly; anteclypeus and rostrum similar to male; gena variably ochraceous and black, lateral margins ochraceous posteriorly, black anteriorly. Thorax in dark specimens, similar to male. In paler specimens; pronotum with black markings restricted to lateral and posterior margins of a broad ochraceous midline strip over central third, and variably along fissures and lateral margins; pronotal collar brown, with lateral angles black; mesonotum brown with black submedian and lateral sigilla, and a diffuse black central triangular marking with base around scutal depressions, apex directed anteriorly on midline to posterior third of submedian sigilla; cruciform elevation black on central, medial portion and lateral margins, yellow-ochraceous on posterior margins, lateral depressions ochraceous, anterior and posterior depressions dark brown to black; scutal depressions black; metanotum black.
Abdomen. Colour variation similar to thorax. On dark specimens, similar to male; abdominal segment 9 black dorsally with ochraceous triangular markings either side of midline, tapering posteriorly, ending midway to dorsal beak, becoming orange laterally, reddish on ventral margin. On brown specimens; tergite 1 black, tergite 2 black on midline, orange merging to black laterally; tergites 3-8 black with orange posterior margins, increasing posteriorly, extending laterally to epipleurites; epipleurites with medial black strip, orange over remainder; sternite II black; sternites III-VI pale brown with midline black marking; sternite VII pale brown with anterior black spot either side of midline; abdominal segment 9 orange-brown with three longitudinal black stripes faint on midline and prominent either side of midline. On all specimens, dorsal beak orange to black at base, black at tip; ovipositor dark brown, becoming black at tip, extending <1 mm beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles orange-red; ovipositor sheath dark brown to black.
Etymology. Since most specimens have been collected in cool temperate areas, the species name reflects the climatic situation where this species is typically found.
Distinguishing features. Yoyetta subalpina sp. nov. displays concentric orange bands on the posterior margins of tergites 3-7; these are absent on Y. denisoni, Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov., Y. timothyi sp. nov. and Y. grandis sp. nov. It is readily distinguished from Y. abdominalis, Y. electrica sp. nov., Y. spectabilis sp. nov. and Y. serrata sp. nov. by the following combination of characters: (1) large size with body length > 23 mm, (2) lack of symmetrical, orange triangular patterns on tergites 4-7, (3) ovipositors of females extend > 1 mm beyond the posterior abdomen. The forewing basal membranes of Y. regalis sp. nov. and Y. subalpina sp. nov. are bright orange contrasting with the grey basal membranes of Y. grandis sp. nov. in southern Victoria and the dull orange basal membranes of specimens of Y. grandis sp. nov. in the Grampians Ranges. Morphologically, male specimens of Y. subalpina sp. nov., Y. verrens sp. nov. and Y. regalis sp. nov. are difficult to differentiate, but the follow features can be used to achieve the correct identification. In Y. subalpina sp. nov., the white colouration on the hind wing plaga is bold and extends to cover the entire jugum (cf. in Y. verrens sp. nov. the colouration is dull white and restricted along the margins of anal cell 3 and vein 2A). In Y. subalpina sp. nov., the sternites are predominantly orange, sometimes with diffuse black spots medially (cf. in Y. regalis sp. nov. where the sternites have bold black medial markings that occupy more than half of each sternite). In female specimens, there is substantial colour variation morphologically (orangebrown to black) within species, but the ovipositors extend beyond the abdomen around 1.0 mm for Y. subalpina sp. nov., 1-1.5 mm for Y. regalis sp. nov., > 1.5 mm for Y. grandis sp. nov., and > 2 mm for Y. verrens sp. nov. The length of the ovipositor of Y. regalis sp. nov. is > 8.8 mm, < 8.6 mm for Y. subalpina sp. nov., and > 10.0 mm for Y. grandis sp. nov. (Figs 29-31, 53G). The male calling song of Y. subalpina sp. nov. is a simple repetition of phrases, each comprising an echeme followed by a macrosyllable (Fig.  29A). Closer inspection of the echeme (Fig. 29B) reveals that it comprises a series of macrosyllables that increase in amplitude and coalesce at the highest point of amplification, typically occurring between 0.16 and 0.43 s duration (n = 13). A short gap of 0.01-0.04 s duration separates the echeme from the proceeding macrosyllable. The macrosyllable is typically louder than the echeme. It lasts between 0.05 and 0.09 s (Fig. 29C). Gaps of approximately 0.5 s duration separate each phrase. After warming up a little, males sometimes produce soft ticking (syllable trains) in the gaps between each phrase, with longer syllable trains between bouts of phrases (Fig. 30).

Calling song
Males from most locations across the geographical distribution of this species had a frequency plateau of 8.4-11.1 kHz and a dominant frequency ranging between 9.4 and 10.1 kHz (Fig. 31). The exceptions were males from Talleganda that produced a slightly lower frequency plateau, ranging from 7.1-9.7 kHz with a dominant frequency of 8.4-9.0 kHz (n = 4; Fig. 30).
Within the Y. abdominalis species group, the calling song of Y. subalpina sp. nov. is most similar to Y. verrens sp. nov. The main difference in the call of Y. subalpina sp. nov. is the addition of a macrosyllable following the echeme, which gives it a distinct two-note signature (cf. the single echeme sweeping notes of Y. verrens sp. nov.).

Description
Male (Figs 2I, 3H, 32A,B, 52G). Head almost as wide as mesonotum, black, with a central ochraceous fascia posterior to ocelli, being widest at posterior margin, reducing anteriorly, ocelli pink to red; dorsal postclypeus black, with a central brown-ochraceous triangular fascia, apex directed anteriorly; ventral postclypeus black, with ochraceous spot on anterior midline, and dull brown lateral margins; anteclypeus black, rostrum pale brown at base, dark brown to black at apex, extending beyond posterior margins of mid coxae; lora black with ochraceous lateral margin, gena black; eyes dull black; antennae black, supra-antennal plates black, ochraceous ventral area at junction with pedicel.
Thorax mainly dull black with variable brown patterning. Pronotum black, lateral half or anterior margin brown, with a central ochraceous fascia from behind anterior margin to centre of pronotum, patchy dark brown markings over raised lateral areas of pronotum; paramedial fissures black; lateral fissures variably dark brown; pronotal collar black, margins of lateral angles brown, paranota black. Mesonotum black, parapsidal suture dark brown, scutal depressions and surrounds black; cruciform elevation black. Metanotum black.
Legs. Coxae mainly black, fore coxae black, longitudinal red lateral stripe; mid and hind coxae black; coxal membranes orange-red, basisterna black; katepisterna black with posterior half brown; meracantha small, narrow, proximal half black, pale cream distally, pointed, marginally overlapping opercula; trochanters black, orange-brown laterally; fore femora striped red-brown, black longitudinal markings around base of femoral spines femoral spines erect, black; mid femora black medially, red-brown strips over remainder; hind femora orange-brown with black posterior stripe and black distal markings, distal femoral joint orange-red; fore tibiae black; mid tibia black with proximal ochraceous spot on lateral border; hind tibia proximally black, becoming brown towards tarsi; fore and mid tarsi black; hind tarsi orange-brown becoming black towards claws; spines orange-brown; claws dark brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins black anteriorly, reddishbrown central rib, becoming brown distally, pterostigma mottled red, arculus black, brown at base; basal cell pale, translucent, black anterior border; basal membranes pale, whitish-grey; other veins dark brown to black, proximal segment of vein CuA pale grey, becoming brown distally, with eight apical cells; hind wing plaga white over jugum and vein 3A, thin along vein 2A, subcostal vein pale, other veins brown, with six apical cells.
Opercula (Fig. 3H) medium, spatulate, following body axis ventrolaterally, depressed centrally, black at base, tending variably pale grey to dark grey-brown across remainder with reddish posterior border in some specimens, clearly separated.
Genitalia (Fig. 33). Pygofer shiny black, upper lobe mainly black with dark brown posterior margin; basal lobe ochraceous; dorsal beak black, anal styles orange. Uncus black with posterior mid-section orange, in lateral view beak-like and stumpy; lobes in ventral view short and narrow, with rounded lateral termination; claspers clearly divided, short, pear-shaped, with apices gradually tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending around half the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally at 120° towards apex, with prominent transparent flange projecting from dorsal margin of recurvature, thin flange continuing almost to apex of theca; apex short, sclerotized, with 4-6 prominent cornuti on ventral surface. Female (Fig. 32C,D). Head and thorax similar to male.
Abdomen. Tergites similar to male; tergite 8 with an orange spot on each posterolateral side. Sternites I and II black, posterior margins ochraceous; sternites III-VII orangered with midline black marking decreasing to sternite IV. Abdominal segment 9 black centrally, with small orange triangular markings either side of midline, decreasing posteriorly, black dorsally and laterally over anterior third, with posterior reddish spot, ventral aspect orangered, black posteriorly. Dorsal beak black; ovipositor dark brown, becoming black at tip, not extending beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles orange-red; ovipositor sheath black, paler brown ventrally, gonocoxites black laterally, ochraceous along midline.
Distinguishing features. Within the Y. abdominalis species group, Y. serrata sp. nov. is most similar in appearance to Y. abdominalis and Y. spectabilis sp. nov. The following combination of characters distinguishes Y. serrata sp. nov. from all other species in the Y. abdominalis species group: (1) Fore wings with distinct, pale grey-white basal membranes, (2) body length < 23 mm, (3) female ovipositor does not extend noticeably beyond abdominal segment 9, (4) pubescence (when present) black, (5) tergite 8 almost entirely black, without contrasting markings, (6) tergites 5-7 back with yellow markings (not mainly orange), (7) opercula pale grey to dark grey-brown. (Figs 34, 53J). Two song modes typify the calling song of male Y. serrata sp. nov. Based on available recordings (n = 11), One of the modes (the ratchet mode) is a long echeme, which is composed of a series of closely emitted, discrete syllables (Fig. 34A,C). On commencement, the echeme increases in amplitude and is sustained for several seconds before diminishing towards the end (Fig. 34). For recordings made in southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, the single echeme comprises between 32 and 121 syllables over a period between 0.38 and > 5.0 s duration. A small period of silence from 0.011-0.372 s duration signals the end of the echeme and this mode. The other mode (ticking) is formed by a repeated series of 4-13 syllables, each being a doublet pulse of 0.006-0.021 s duration (n = 11). A gap of 0.167-0.348 s duration separates each syllable (Fig. 34A,B). The highest amplitude frequency plateau for this species is 9.6-16.4 kHz, with a dominant frequency of 12.5-14.7 kHz (Fig. 34D).

Calling song
There are no other known species in the Y. abdominalis species group that produce a song similar to Y. serrata sp. nov. Indeed, despite being similar in appearance, there are no clear similarities between the songs of Y. abdominalis, Y. serrata sp. nov. and Y. spectabilis sp. nov. Figure 34. Typical male calling song structure of Yoyetta serrata sp. nov. illustrated in waveform plots, including (A) a complete rendition of one bout of the "ticking" mode, followed by the "ratchet" mode (further detail in text); (B) expanded section from A showing two syllables from the ticking mode; (C) expanded section from A showing four discrete syllables within the long echeme. The final subfigure (D) is a spectrogram displaying song frequency. The specimen was recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) by LWP using RS2 (see Methods and terminology).

Distribution, habitat and seasonality.
Tall open forest in the Brindabella Ranges of the Australian Capital Territory south through much of eastern Victoria, particularly north east of the Dandenong Ranges, with additional populations in the Otway and Grampians Ranges (Fig. 25). Adults are present during December and January. Males tend to remain on the main trunks and upper branches of eucalypts (section Maidenaria), while females are generally found within 5 m of the forest floor. Very large seasonal populations of this species have been observed over multiple years in succession and are considered likely to be a frequent occurrence.

Description
Male (Figs 2L, 3J, 35A,B,E,F, 52H). Head as wide as mesonotum, with a thin ochraceous fascia on the midline posterior to ocelli, not reaching posterior margin; ocelli pink; dorsal side of postclypeus black with central ochraceous triangular marking, apex directed anteriorly; ventral side of postclypeus black with anterior brown marking on midline, black transverse grooves, lateral borders ochraceous; anteclypeus black, rostrum black at base, brown centrally, becoming black at apex, reaching the posterior margin of mid coxae; lora black with ochraceous anterior spot, gena black; eyes red in live specimens, grey-white in preserved specimens; antennae black, supra-antennal plates black, brown at base of pedicel.
Thorax predominantly black. Pronotum black, with a thin brown line along anterior midline; pronotal collar black, paranota black. Mesonotum black; cruciform elevation arms black, posterolateral arms and lateral depressions brown. Metanotum black.
Legs. Coxae mainly black, fore coxae black with lateral red stripe; mid and hind coxae black; coxal membranes red; basisterna black; meracanthus small, narrow, orange, black at base, pointed, rounded at tip, overlapping one-third of opercula; trochanters black with central segment orangered; fore femora striped longitudinally orange-red and black, black along base of femoral spines, femoral spines erect, black; mid and hind femora black, orange-brown longitudinal stripe on medial and lateral aspects; distal femoral joint orange-red; fore tibiae black, brown at distal tip; mid tibiae black, with medial ochraceous stripe; hind tibiae black proximally, ochraceous over distal half; fore tarsi black with brown distal margins; mid and hind tarsi blackish-brown becoming black towards claws; claws dark brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins black, browner posteriorly, becoming brown distally, pterostigma mottled dark red, basal cell yellowish, translucent, black anterior border, brown spot in arculus, basal membranes grey, pale orange on Grampians specimens, other veins dark brown to black, with eight apical cells; hind wing plagas white over entire anal cell 3 and medial quarter and base of ac2(v), thin along vein 2A, veins 2A and 3A pale brown, remainder black, with six apical cells.
Opercula (Fig. 3J) medium, spatulate, following body axis ventrolaterally, black over basal third, pale cream across remainder, clearly separated. Timbals (Fig. 2L) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1-3 extending across surrounding membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur, long rib 3 conspicuously narrowing over lateral third; long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit ovalshaped and conspicuous.
Genitalia (Fig. 36). Pygofer black, dorsal beak black, dark brown posterior margins, upper lobe developed, rounded, black, orange on ventral aspect, basal lobe, rudimentary, black, anal styles reddish. Uncus mainly black; lateral  process beak-like and stumpy; lobes in ventral view bulbous, short, with rounded anterior termination; claspers apposed posteriorly, clearly divided anteriorly, short, with apices reducing and rounded laterally. Aedeagus brown, with pseudoparameres extending around two-thirds the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally at 180° towards apex, with transparent flange along outer margin of distal half of recurvature, smooth, around diameter of theca; apex brownish, sclerotized, bifurcate, branches closely applied, directed dorsolaterally with prominent cornuti over entire surface.
Female (Fig. 35C-D, G-H). Head similar to male, with additional brown spot midway between ocelli and eye, ochraceous-brown markings on dorsal and anterior postclypeus more pronounced, lateral areas dark brown, supra-antennal plate black with distinct ochraceous anterior margin adjacent to pedicel.
Thorax predominantly black (similar to male), except in pale specimens, which exhibit extensive brown colouration on the pronotum and mesonotum (with contrasting black sigilla); metanotum brown posterior to cruciform elevation.
Abdomen similar to male. Tergites 4-7 with posterior annular orange markings less pronounced than males; tergite 8 black. Epipleurites mainly black, orange posteriorly. Sternites I-VII similar to male; sternite VII orange with 2 distinct black spots either side of midline; abdominal segment 9 black with ochraceous-orange longitudinal triangles either side of midline, tapering posteriorly, and broad ochraceous-orange area over middle third of lateral surface; dorsal beak black. Ovipositor brown, black at tip, extending approximately 1.5 mm beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles dull brown, ovipositor sheath dark brown to black.

Distinguishing features.
Within the Y. abdominalis species group, Y. grandis sp. nov. is most similar in appearance to Y. electrica sp. nov., Y. regalis sp. nov., Y. subalpina sp. nov. and Y. verrens sp. nov. Each of these species has black tergites with contrasting, narrow orange bands on the posterior edge. The following characters, in combination, can be used to distinguish Y. grandis sp. nov. from these species: (1) eyes red (live or freshly-preserved specimens, fading to dark pink or grey), (2) fore wing basal membranes grey (or pale orange in Grampians specimens), (3) sternite VIII (or ventral abdominal segment in female specimens) dark brown (not orange, orange-brown or brown), (4) ovipositor extends 1.5 mm beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Specimens of this species in collections have previously been attributed Y. denisoni and Y. aaede. However adults can be easily distinguished from Y. denisoni and its relatives (Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. and Y. timothyi sp. nov.). The female of Y. grandis sp. nov. bears a superficial resemblance to Y. aaede; however, the former species is much larger (fore wing length > 27 mm) and Y. aaede is known only from the Adelaide region in South Australia.
Distribution, habitat and seasonality. Known only from "Adelaide" (the type locality), as well as from Mt Lofty Range and Morphett Vale (Fig. 41). It has been found in parkland and most likely also occurs in remnant and regrowth eucalypt forest, with records indicating that adults appear in ephemeral mass emergences. Adults have been collected during November and December.

Description
Male (Figs 2J,3K,38F,(39)(40). Head approximately as wide as mesonotum; dorsally mainly black, with a small, tear-shaped, brown marking posterior to ocelli, reducing anteriorly; ocelli pink; dorsal postclypeus dark brown with ochraceous brown midline surrounded by black and with black anterior margin; ventral postclypeus black, with pale pinkish-brown lateral margins; frons black; anteclypeus black; rostrum brown at base, black posteriorly, apex reaching middle of hind coxae; lora black; eyes rose-red; antennae black, each with a brown spot anterior of pedicel; supra-antennal plates black.
Thorax predominantly black. Pronotum mainly black with pale yellow-brown stripe on anterior half of midline, ridges between lateral and paramedian fissures variably blackbrown to black; pronotal collar mainly black, dark brown on lateral angles. Mesonotum black; cruciform elevation with lateral depressions pale yellow; metanotum dark brown to black.
Legs. Coxae dark brown to black, joints pale brown to orange-brown; meracantha narrow, pale grey, black at base, pointed, overlapping opercula; trochanters dark brown, black ventrally; fore femora mainly dark brown, pale brown on anterior outer sides and at joints; femoral spines erect, dark brown at base, yellow-brown at tips; mid and hind femora dark brown; fore and mid tibiae dark brown; hind tibiae dark brown at base, pale brown over remainder; fore and mid tarsi brown to dark brown; hind tarsi pale brown; claws dark brown.
Wings with fore wing costal veins dark brown, paler distally; subcostal veins brown to pale brown; pterostigma mottled reddish-brown; basal cell transparent; basal membranes white; veins CuP+1A A pale yellow-brown; other veins mainly dark brown to black to intermodal line, paler posteriorly; with eight apical cells; prominent hind wing plagas white over entire anal cell 3 and vein 3A, extending to base of vein 2A, with six apical cells.
Opercula (Fig. 3K) broad, rounded on inner edge, following body axis ventrolaterally, depressed centrally; cream-white throughout; clearly separated. Timbals (Fig. 2J) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1-3 extending across membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur; long ribs 4 and 5 abbreviated; long rib 4 with an isolated ventral extension; long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit oval-shaped.
Abdomen. Tergite 1 black, with reddish-brown margins over timbal cavity; tergite 2 black, sometimes with dark reddish-brown areas ventrolaterally; tergite 3 mainly black, with diffuse, orange-brown areas laterally; tergites 2 and 3 with conspicuous silver pubescence; tergites 4-7 grading from orange anteriorly, through yellow-brown to dark brown posteriorly, with dark brown colouration in medial areas extending into wedge-shaped patterns with apices directed anteriorly; intersegmental membranes bright orange; tergite 8 mainly dark reddish-brown to black with broad orange areas dorsolaterally and laterally on the anterior margin. Epipleurites 3-6 orange-brown. Sternite I black; sternite II black with yellow-brown areas laterally; sternites III-VI orange; sternite VII orange with black spot on posterior midline; sternite VIII brown, darker at base, with yellowish pubescence.
Genitalia (Fig. 39). Pygofer mainly black; dorsal beak black, brown at tip, anal styles pale orange-brown; upper lobes mainly orange-brown; basal lobes brown. Uncus brown, blunt and insignificant; upper lobes in ventral view bulbous, with rounded lateral termination; basal lobes in lateral and ventral views broadly rounded; claspers divided, juxtaposed, with apices broadly rounded. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres not extending half the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally at approximately 160° towards apex, with two broad spines on outer margin of recurvature, and small dorsal ornamentation along apical third; apex with two spines on lateral sides with apices pointing in direction thecal termination.
Abdomen. Tergites 1-3 black; tergites 3 and 4 mainly black, with small orange areas on anterior lateral sides; tergites 6-8 mainly black with prominent orange bands along anterior margin, broadening laterally; abdominal segment 9 pale brown with a longitudinal black stripe dorsolaterally on each side of midline, and extending ventrally broadly along anterior margin. Dorsal beak black; ovipositor sheath barely extending beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles orange-brown.
Distinguishing features. Yoyetta aaede is readily distinguished from all other species in the Y. abdominalis group by the presence of extensive orange colouration on the anterior lateral sides of tergites 4-7 (in all other relevant species, the anterior lateral sides of the tergites is predominantly black or dark brown. It can also be distinguished from Y. denisoni, Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov., Y. timothyi sp. nov. and Y. grandis sp. nov. by its smaller size (body length <23 mm) and from all species apart from Y. hunterorum, Y. grandis sp. nov. and Y. serrata sp. nov. by having white basal membranes in the fore wings. It differs further from Y. hunterorum by the extensive orange (c.f. dull yellow) colouration of the sternites. Its appearance is similar to Y. serrata sp. nov., although it lacks the orange triangular on the lateral tergites are distinctive in that species. In addition, the males of Y. aaede have opercula that are entirely white or pale grey (cf. black at base in Y. serrata sp. nov.). (Figs 40, 53H). The calling song of Y. aaede sp. nov. was recorded from a single male in captivity (Fig.  40). The call structure of this species consists of simple repetitive phrases, each comprising a series of either four or five macrosyllables. As illustrated in Fig. 40B, sometimes the fourth and fifth macrosyllable coalesce into a single longer macrosyllable. Macrosyllables generally range between 32 and 51 ms duration (n = 1). By comparison, the longer (coalesced) macrosyllable ranges between 88 and 139 ms duration. The phrase repetition rate for the call ranges from c. 2.4-3.0 s. The highest amplitude frequency plateau from the captive recording broadly ranged between 3.4 and 9.3 kHz with a dominant frequency around 8.1 kHz (Fig. 40).   Distribution, habitat and seasonality. Restricted to moderate ly high altitude areas (above c. 600 m) the Queens land/ New South Wales border region from the Macpherson Range southwest to Torrington State Conservation Area (Fig. 38). Adults are active in the middle to upper canopy of eucalypt forest and are rarely observed at close quarters. They are present from November to January.

Description
Male (Figs 2F,3F,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47). Head almost as wide as mesonotum, black, with a central dark brown fascia posterior to ocelli; ocelli pink; dorsal side of postclypeus black anteriorly, brown over remainder; ventral side of postclypeus black with black transverse grooves, lateral and posterior borders brown; anteclypeus black, rostrum black at base, dark brown centrally, black at apex, reaching anterior edge of hind coxae; lora black; gena black; eyes dull black; antennae black, supra-antennal plates black, brown at base of pedicel.
Thorax mainly black with variable brown patterning. Pronotum black, a thin central brown line on anterior half, dark brown on lateral angles; fissures mainly black; pronotal collar black. Mesonotum black, posterior margin dark brown centrally, becoming black laterally, cruciform elevation arms black, lateral depressions brown. Metanotum black.
Legs. Coxae mainly black; coxal membranes red; basisterna black, katepisterna brown posteriorly; meracantha small, narrow, cream, black at base, pointed, minimally overlapping opercula; fore femora orange anteriorly, black medially, brown strip laterally, black posteriorly and around base of femoral spines; femoral spines erect, brown at base, becoming black at tips; mid and hind femora black, orangebrown medially, distal femoral joint orange; fore-and midtibiae black laterally, orange-brown over remainder; hindtibiae orange brown; tarsi orange-brown becoming black towards claws; claws dark brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins dark brown, darker central rib; pterostigma dark brown; basal cell translucent with black anterior border; basal membranes bright orange; other veins dark brown to black, with eight apical cells; hind wing plagas dull white along margins of anal cell 3 and vein 2A, central area of jugum clear, clear posteriorly, with six apical cells.
Opercula (Fig. 3F) medium, spatulate, following body axis ventrolaterally, depressed centrally, black over basal half, stippled brown-cream across central areas, posterior margins orange yellow, clearly separated. Timbals (Fig. 2F) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1-4 extending across surrounding membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur; long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; prominent intercalary rib between long ribs 3 and 4; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit oval-shaped and conspicuous.
Female (Fig. 42C-D). Similar to male, but with overall lighter colouration.
Head mainly brown with black markings surrounding ocelli and extending to supra-antennal plate; a black spot on anterior side of each compound eye; postclypeus ochraceous on dorsal side, black on ventral side with central ochraceous spot anteriorly, also ochraceous on extreme margins; anteclypeus and rostrum black; gena black; mandibular plates mainly ochraceous, black posteriorly.
Thorax. Pronotum mainly brown with an ochraceous midline; black markings along fissures and surrounding midline; pronotal collar brown, with extreme edges of lateral angles dark brown; mesonotum brown with black submedian and lateral sigilla, and a diffuse black central marking extending anteriorly from cruciform elevation; cruciform elevation black on central, medial portion and lateral margins, yellow-ochraceous on posterior margins and  lateral depressions; scutal depressions black; wing grooves ochraceous with central black spot; metanotum lurid brown. Wings match description given for male, with venation mainly a paler brown. Legs. Coxae mainly brown; coxal membranes orange; basisterna dark brown to black, katepisterna mainly brown; meracantha as in male; fore femora black anteriorly with an orange stripe, mainly brown posteriorly and around base of femoral spines; femoral spines erect, brown at base, becoming black at tips; mid and hind femora dark brown to black anteriorly, brown posteriorly; distal femoral joint orange; fore-and mid-tibiae dark brown to black anteriorly, orange-brown over remainder; hind-tibiae pale orangebrown; tarsi orange-brown becoming black towards claws; claws dark brown, black at tips. Abdomen. Tergite 1 black, tergite 2 mainly black with reddishbrown posterior margins on dorsolateral sides; tergites 3-7 black with reddish-brown posterior margins, grading to orange-brown and broadening ventrally; tergite 8 mainly orange-brown, black along anterior margin; epipleurites mainly orange-brown, with diffuse black interiorly; sternite II black with orange black posterior margins ventrolaterally; sternites III-VI orange-brown with narrow black midline; sternite VII orange-brown with anterior black spots on either side of midline; abdominal segment 9 orange-brown with three longitudinal black stripes, one on midline and two broader examples either side of midline; dorsal beak black; ovipositor sheath extending approximately 2 mm beyond apex of abdominal segment 9; anal styles orange.
Etymology. The Latin name "verrens" means "sweeping", which represents the nature of the calling song of this species in flight.
Distinguishing features. Males of Y. verrens sp. nov. have contrasting orange bands on the posterior margins of tergites 3-7, a feature that readily distinguishes them from Y. denisoni, Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. and Y. timothyi sp. nov. They can be readily distinguished from Y. abdominalis, Y. aaede, Y. spectabilis sp. nov., Y. electrica sp. nov. and Y. serrata sp. nov. by (1) their larger size with body length >22 mm, and (2) lack of symmetrical, orange triangular patterns on dorsolateral sides of tergites 4-7. Males of Y. verrens sp. nov. differ from those of Y. grandis sp. nov. and Y. subalpina by the colour of the hind wing plaga, which is dull white and restricted along the margins of anal cell 3 Figure 47. Examples from the "ratchet" mode from the calling song of Yoyetta verrens sp nov. These include (A) two phrases from Torrington (25°15'S 151°44'E); (B) one phrase expanded (from A above); (C) two phrases from Blatherarm (29°15'S 151°42'E); (D) one phrase expanded (from C above). Recordings were made in the field by LWP using RS3 (see Methods and terminology). and vein 2A in Y. verrens sp. nov., whereas in Y. grandis sp. nov. and Y. subalpina this colouration is brighter and extends over the entire jugum. In addition, the orange-red coloration on the opercula of Y. verrens sp. nov. contrasts with the grey coloration on Y. grandis sp. nov. and the bright orange colour of the fore wing basal membranes on Y. verrens sp. nov. are dull orange to grey in Y. grandis sp. nov. Females can be distinguished from all of the aforementioned species by their characteristically long ovipositor sheath, which extends >2 mm beyond the apex of abdominal segment 9.
Calling song (Figs 44-47, 53F). Males of Yoyetta verrens sp. nov. call whilst stationary and also in flight. When stationary there are two different modes of song production, one which we term the "ratchet" mode (Figs 44,47) and another which is described as the "cascade mode" (Fig. 44-46). In flight, a simple series of echemes is produced, each ending with an acute amplitude modulation as illustrated in Fig. 46, which gives the song a "sweeping" quality.
Several recordings have been obtained from the type locality and nearby vicinity in Torrington State Conservation area . Based upon these recordings (n=11), the ratchet mode comprises monotonously repeated phrases, composed of a syllable sequence (7-55 single syllables, doublets, or rarely triplets, each 0.01-0.03 s duration, separated by gaps of 0.073-0.142 s) and an echeme (0.1-0.428 s duration), followed by a gap (0.09-0.18 s duration) (Figs 44,47). The echemes at the end of each phrase show an acute amplitude modulation, which is most obvious in longer duration examples (>0.3 s).
These longer examples are often produced in the transition from the ratchet mode to the cascade mode. The cascade mode commences with a series of three or four long echemes, increasing successively in duration (each 0.47 s to 1.94 s duration), and each separated by gaps of 0.146-0.302 s. In a similar structure to the call produced in flight, each of the long echemes ends with an acute amplitude modulation, although in this case there are differences in the duration of the different echemes, with the last two echemes being longer than the preceding one(s). This is then often followed by a soft, short echeme (0.12-0.18 s duration), then a gap of 0.05-0.34 s. A syllable sequence (as described for the ratchet mode, but often longer and with gaps between echemes being 0.1-0.3 s duration) then completes the phrase. A breakdown of this song mode is provided in Figs 45, 46.
Few recordings of this species have been obtained outside of the type locality. A single recording of the cascade mode from Basket Swamp (approximately 55 km north-east of the type locality) were found to fall broadly within the range of calling song variation present at the type locality in terms of temporal structure (Fig. 46). The only localities from which recordings have been taken is at Daves Creek in Lamington National Park and nearby at Canyon Parade, Springbrook National Park. These recordings (two of a male in flight and another of the cascade song mode) were found to be broadly similar in temporal structure to the type locality; however they are too faint for the purposes of illustration.
There were found to be no apparent modulations in song frequency between the two modes of the calling song. In the vicinity of the type locality, the male calling song has a highest amplitude frequency plateau that typically falls approximately between 8.5 and 13.0 kHz, with dominant frequencies of 10.7-11.1 kHz (Fig. 44). Recordings from north-east of the type locality were found to have a higher overall frequency. To the north, at Basket Swamp, the dominant frequency of the only available recording is 11.7 kHz, which is only slightly higher. Further afield at Daves Creek, the frequencies ranged even higher (plateau of 9.4-14 kHz, with dominant frequency between 11 and 12.4 kHz. No recordings of male-female duets have been obtained for this species. However, observation in the field based on successful simulation of female wing-flick responses suggest that the females respond during the gaps that follow each long echeme that ends with an acute amplitude modulation. These echemes are produced: (1) as the ratchet mode transitions toward the cascade mode, (2) during the cascade mode itself, and (3) in flight. The males appeared to be responsive to simulated wing-flicks during each of these calling song modes/situations.
The calling song of Yoyetta verrens sp. nov. is unlike others in the Y. abdominalis species group. It shares some features in common with Y. subalpina sp. nov.; however, it can be distinguished easily by its more simplistic sweeping echemes (cf. two-note phrases in Y. subalpina sp. nov.).

Description
Male (Figs 2K,3I,48A,B). Head approximately as wide as to slightly wider than mesonotum; dorsally mainly black, with a small, tear-shaped, brown marking posterior to ocelli, reducing anteriorly; ocelli pink; dorsal postclypeus dark brown to black with ochraceous triangular median marking, apex directed anteriorly; ventral postclypeus black, ochraceous laterally with black transverse grooves; frons black; anteclypeus black; rostrum brown at base, black posteriorly, apex reaching middle of hind coxae; lora dull black; eyes ochraceous; antennae black, supra-antennal plates black, with brown spot on anterior margin above pedicel.
Thorax predominantly black. Pronotum black with ochraceous stripe on anterior half of midline, ridges between lateral and paramedian fissures variably black-brown, lateral margins brown; pronotal collar brown, anterior margin black. Mesonotum mainly black, browner between submedian and lateral sigilla; cruciform elevation with anterior arms brown, posterior arms black, lateral depressions pale yellow; metanotum black at midline, adjacent area brown, becoming black laterally.
Legs. Coxae mainly brown, black anteriorly; coxal membranes orange-red; meracantha small, narrow, white, black at base, pointed, minimally overlapping opercula; trochanters brown, black ventrally; fore femora black medially, ochraceous laterally with black and red longitudinal stripe, ochraceous at joints; femoral spines erect, brown at base, black at tips; mid and hind femora black medially, brown laterally; fore tibiae dark brown, black centrally, with spines variably dull ochraceous and black at tips; mid and hind tibiae pale brown; fore and mid tarsi dark brown, black at claws; hind tarsi ochraceous; claws brown, black at tips.
Wings with fore wing costal veins yellow at base, tending orange-brown with dark brown margins; pterostigma mottled brown; basal cell transparent; basal membranes orange; vein CuP+1A yellow; other veins mainly brown to intermodal line, black posteriorly; with eight apical cells; hind wing plagas white over entire anal cell 3 and vein 3A except distal extremity, with thin coverage of length of vein 2A, with six apical cells. Opercula (Fig. 3I) small, spatulate, following body axis ventrolaterally, depressed centrally; black at base, contrastingly cream-white to pale red across remainder, with black mottling; clearly separated. Timbals (Fig. 2K) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1-4 extending across surrounding membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur; long rib 4 narrowing over ventral third, long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit oval-shaped and conspicuous.
Abdomen. Tergite 1 black, with brown margins over timbal cavity; tergite 2 black; tergites 3-7 black anteriorly with posterior margins bright orange, extending over lateral margins to epipleurites, increasingly brown over middle third; tergite 8 black along midline and posterior margin, brown laterally with black spot. Epipleurites 3-6 orange with diffuse black shading, slightly expanding posteriorly. Sternites I and II black; sternites III-VI orange-yellow with grey mottling over lateral halves; sternite VII pale orange with black spot on posterior midline; sternite VIII black, dark brown at apex, with yellowish pubescence. Genitalia (Fig. 49). Pygofer mainly black; dorsal beak black, brown at tip, anal styles pale brown; upper lobe mainly black, pale brown at tip; basal lobe black with ochraceous margins. Uncus brown; in lateral view beak-like and stumpy; lobes in ventral view bulbous, with rounded lateral termination; claspers clearly divided, cylindrical, with apices gradually curved and tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres not extending half the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally at 300° towards apex, with transparent flange along outer margin of recurvature, edges broadly smooth along proximal half, prominently serrated with dorsal ornamentation from distal half to termination adjacent to apex of the theca; broadening to > 2× width of theca ventrally; apex short, sclerotized, transparent, spinelike, with 4-6 cornuti, directed ventrally. Female (Fig. 48C,D). Head, thorax, legs and wings matches description given for male.
Abdomen. Tergite 1 black, tergite 2 mainly black with dark orange-brown posterior margins on dorsolateral sides; tergites 3-7 black with dark orange-brown posterior margins, increasing posteriorly; tergite 8 mainly orange-brown, black along anterior margin and medially; epipleurites mainly orange-brown, with diffuse black interiorly; sternite II black with orange black posterior margins ventrolaterally; sternites III-VI orange-brown with diffuse, dark brown to black midline; sternite VII orange-brown with small, diffuse, black spots at anterior edge on either side of midline; abdominal segment 9 pale brown with a longitudinal black stripe dorsolaterally on each side of midline, and extending ventrally on anterior margin. Dorsal beak black; ovipositor sheath barely extending beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles pale brown.
Etymology. Refers to calling songs of this species, which, when multiple males are calling in the canopy, resembles the sounds created by high voltage power transmission lines.
Distinguishing features. Yoyetta electrica sp. nov. is readily distinguished from all of members of the Y. abdominalis species group, apart from Y. aaede, by its small size (BL < 18 mm). It can be distinguished from Y. aaede by the colouration of the anterior lateral tergites, which is predominantly dark brown to black (cf. orange). (Figs 50, 53C). Males of Y. electrica sp. nov. produce a bout of >25-100 syllables, each successively higher in amplitude and followed by a period of silence ( Fig. 50; n = 8). Each syllable is between 0.008 and 0.015 s duration, with a brief interval between syllables ranging from 0.03-0.04 s duration. The syllables form a "ratchet"like component that ranges between 1.2 and 1.6 s duration in captivity and as long as 4.1 s duration in the field. The song is produced while males are stationary and the same song is also produced conspicuously in flight. It is unlike the call of any other species in the genus, although singing behaviour is reminiscent of Y. denisoni. The highest amplitude frequency plateau ranges from 6.5-9.0 kHz, with a dominant frequency around 8.5 kHz and a prominent harmonic plateau from >14.0 kHz.

Additional locational records and song for Yoyetta hunterorum
In the original description, Moulds (1988) documented records of Yoyetta hunterorum from the New South Wales Central Coast and adjacent ranges south to Mount Kiera and Moss Vale. From the examination of additional specimens in existing collections, live specimens and analysis of song recordings, the distribution of Y. hunterorum is extended southwards along the Great Dividing Range through the southern highlands of New South Wales, the Snowy River National Park to the mountains east of Melbourne. As noted in Moulds (1988), the dorsal body coloration of specimens from the southern and mountain locations is predominantly black, while coastal specimens appear more variable, though generally lighter overall, ranging from black to brown-ochraceous. is a spectrogram displaying song frequency. The lower plot is expanded from the one above, to illustrate finer temporal structure. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency. The specimen was recorded in captivity at Arrawarra (30°02'S 153°11'E) by LWP using RS2 (see Methods and terminology).    (Distant) species group (for species where song recordings were available). These include (A) Y. denisoni (Distant), recorded in the field at Canberra (35°16'S 149°07'E) by LWP using RS2; (B) Y. timothyi sp. nov., recorded in the field at Glen Elgin (29°39'S 152°03'E) by LWP using RS3; (C) Y. electrica sp. nov., recorded in captivity at Arrawarra (30°02'S 153°11'E) by LWP using RS2; (D) Y. hunterorum (Moulds), recorded in the field at Garie Beach (34°11'S 151°04'E) by B. Smith using RS5; (E) Y. grandis sp. nov., recorded in the field at Brindabella Range (35°20'S 148°50'E) by LWP using RS2; (F) Y. verrens sp. nov., recorded in captivity at Torrington (25°15'S 151°44'E) by LWP using RS3; (G) Y. subalpina sp. nov., recorded in the field at Talleganda (35°37'S 149°30'E) by LWP using RS2; (H) Y. aaede (Walker), specimen captured in Adelaide (34°56'S 138°39'E) and recorded in captivity by NJE using RS6; (I) Y. abdominalis, recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) by LWP using RS2; (J) Y. serrata sp. nov., recorded in the field at Brown Mountain (36°36'S 149°23'E) by LWP using RS2; (K) Y. spectabilis sp. nov., recorded in the field at Kanangra Boyd National Park (33°53'S 150°03'E) by LWP using RS2; and (L) Y. regalis sp. nov., recorded at Wises Track, Audley (34°08'S 151°03'E) by LWP using RS1. An explanation of recording systems (RS1-6) is provided in Methods and terminology.